Zheng Xiaoxu: From Qing Loyalist to Architect of Manchukuo

Zheng Xiaoxu, a figure of considerable historical complexity, transitioned from a staunch loyalist of the Qing dynasty to a pivotal architect of Manchukuo. His life, marked by unwavering commitment to his ideals, offers a unique perspective on the tumultuous period of China’s transition from empire to republic.

Early Life and Qing Allegiance

Zheng Xiaoxu’s early life was defined by his deep-seated allegiance to the Qing dynasty. A scholar and official, he held strong beliefs in traditional Confucian values and the legitimacy of the Qing monarchy.

Calligraphy brush resting on an inkstone with traditional Chinese books in the background

Known for his high moral character, attracting the attention of Reginald Johnston, Puyi’s English tutor.
Appointed as Puyi’s tutor in 1923, teaching him traditional Chinese values and governance.
Advocated for the preservation of Qing traditions and the restoration of the monarchy.

The Exile of Puyi and Shift in Allegiance

The expulsion of Puyi from the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang marked a turning point in Zheng Xiaoxu’s life. He played a critical role in securing Puyi’s safety and facilitating his relocation to Tianjin, leading to a closer relationship.

Facilitated Puyi’s escape to the Japanese legation after being forced out of the Forbidden City.
Served as Puyi’s advisor and manager of domestic affairs during his time in Tianjin.
Cultivated relationships with foreign dignitaries and Qing nobles on Puyi’s behalf.

Black and white photograph of Puyi standing with Japanese officials in Tianjin

Architect of Manchukuo

Following the Mukden Incident in 1931, Zheng Xiaoxu became deeply involved in the establishment of Manchukuo. Driven by his vision of a restored monarchy and a strong, independent Manchuria, he collaborated with the Japanese to create a new state. However, it made him controversial, as he was deemed a traitor by many Chinese nationalists.

Negotiated with Japanese officials, insisting on the establishment of a monarchy in Manchukuo.
Authored the Manchukuo Declaration and composed the state’s national anthem.
Served as the first Prime Minister of Manchukuo, overseeing the administration of the new state.

Japanese Kwantung Army soldiers marching through a Manchurian city

Vision for Manchukuo

Zheng Xiaoxu’s vision for Manchukuo was rooted in Confucian principles and a desire to create a prosperous and harmonious society. He sought to address what he perceived as the three main problems of China.

Overcame hate with love.
Improved education to promote law.
Rebuilt the corrupt army.

Legacy

Zheng Xiaoxu’s legacy remains a subject of intense debate. Viewed by some as a traitor for his collaboration with the Japanese, others argue that he was motivated by a genuine desire to create a better future for Manchuria and restore the Qing monarchy. His life serves as a reminder of the complex choices faced by individuals during times of upheaval and the enduring power of ideals in shaping history.

Despite his controversial actions, Zheng Xiaoxu was granted a state funeral and a posthumous title by Puyi, highlighting the enduring bond between the two men. His story continues to be studied and debated, offering valuable insights into a pivotal period in East Asian history.